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Source(資料來源): https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases

STDs and pregnancy

性病與懷孕

It’s possible for pregnant women to transmit STDs to the fetus during pregnancy or newborn during childbirth. In newborns, STDs can cause complications. In some cases, they can be life-threatening.

孕婦可能會在懷孕期間或分娩時將性病傳遞給胎兒。新生兒感染性病會產生併發症，在某些情況之下，更會危及生命。

To help prevent STDs in newborns, doctors often encourage pregnant women to be tested and treated for potential STDs. Your doctor might recommend STD testing even if you don’t have symptoms.

為了幫助預防新生兒感染性病，醫生經常鼓勵孕婦接受篩檢並治療潛在的性病。即使沒有出現症狀，醫生也可能建議你進行性病篩檢。

If you test positive for one or more STDs while pregnant, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics, antiviral medications, or other treatments. In some cases, they might encourage you to give birth via a cesarean delivery to lower the risk of transmission during childbirth.

如果在懷孕期間篩檢出一種或多種性病呈現陽性反應，醫生可能會開抗生素、抗病毒藥物或其他的治療。在某些情況下，醫生可能會鼓勵你以剖腹產的方式來分娩，以降低分娩時的傳播風險。

Diagnosis of STDs

性病的診斷

In most cases, doctors can’t diagnose STDs based on symptoms alone. If your doctor or other healthcare provider suspects you might have an STD, they’ll likely recommend tests to check.

在大多數的情況下，醫生不會僅依據症狀診斷性病。若你的醫生或其他醫療服務機構懷疑你可能是患有性病的話，他們可能會建議你進行篩檢。

Depending on your sexual history, your healthcare provider might recommend STD testing even if you don’t have symptoms. This is because STDs don’t cause noticeable symptoms in many cases. But even symptom-free STDs can cause damage or be passed to other people.

根據你的性病史，即使沒有出現症狀，醫療服務機構也可能建議你進行性病篩檢。這是因為在多數情況下，性病不會出現明顯的症狀。但是，即使是無症狀的性病也可能造成傷害或傳給其他人。

Healthcare providers can diagnose most STDs using a urine or blood test. They may also take a swab of your genitals. If you’ve developed any sores, they may take swabs of those, too.

醫療服務機構會使用尿檢或血檢來診斷大多數的性病。他們也可能會使用拭子採檢生殖器的樣本。若有出現任何潰瘍，他們也可能會使用拭子採檢這些樣本。

You can get tested for STDs at your doctor’s office or a sexual health clinic.

你可以在醫生辦公室或性健康診所接受性病篩檢。

Home testing kits are also available for some STDs, but they may not always be reliable. Use them with caution. Check to see if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the testing kit before buying it.

家用檢測試劑盒也可以用於篩檢某些性病，但是它們卻不總是值得信賴。需謹慎使用它們。在購買前先確認美國食品藥品監督管理局是否批准該檢測試劑盒。

It’s important to know that a Pap smear isn’t an STD test. A Pap smear checks for the presence of precancerous cells on the cervix. While it may also be combined with an HPV test, a negative Pap smear doesn’t mean you don’t have any STDs.

知道子宮頸抹片檢查不是性病篩檢這點很重要。子宮頸抹片檢查是檢查子宮頸上是否有癌前細胞的存在。雖然它也可能與HPV篩檢結合使用，但是子宮頸抹片檢查呈現陰性反應，不代表你沒有任何性病。

If you’ve had any type of sex, it’s a good idea to ask your healthcare provider about STD testing. Some people may benefit from more frequent testing than others.

若有進行任何類型的性行為，最好向你的醫療服務機構要求進行性病篩檢。頻繁進行篩檢的那些人可能會比其他沒有進行篩檢的人更有好處。

Treatment of STDs

性病的治療

The recommended treatment for STDs varies, depending on what STD you have. It’s very important that you and your sexual partner be successfully treated for STDs before resuming sexual activity. Otherwise, you can pass an infection back and forth between you.

性病的推薦治療方法會因性病的類型不同而異。在恢復性行為之前，你和你的性伴侶必須先成功治療性病。否則，性病會在你們之間來回傳遞感染。

Bacterial STDs

細菌型性病

Usually, antibiotics can easily treat bacterial infections.

通常，可以輕易地使用抗生素治療經由細菌感染的性病。

It’s important to take all your antibiotics as prescribed. Continue taking them even if you feel better before you finish taking all of them. Let your doctor know if your symptoms don’t go away or return after you’ve taken all of your prescribed medication.

按規定服用所有抗生素非常重要。在服用完這些藥物之前，即使感覺好多了，也要繼續服用它們。若症狀在服用完所有處方藥之後沒有消失或是再度出現，一定要讓醫生知道。

Viral STDs

病毒型性病

Antibiotics can’t treat viral STDs. While most viral infections have no cure, some can clear on their own. And in many cases, treatment options are available to relieve symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission.

抗生素無法治療經由病毒感染的性病。雖然大多數病毒感染無法治癒，但有些卻能自行消除。而且在許多情況下，治療方案都能用來緩解症狀和降低傳播風險。

For example, medications are available to reduce the frequency and severity of herpes outbreaks. Likewise, treatment can help stop the progression of HIV. Furthermore, antiviral drugs can lower your risk of transmitting HIV to someone else.

例如，可以使用藥物來減少疱疹爆發的頻率和嚴重程度。同樣地，治療可以幫助阻止HIV的演變。此外，抗病毒藥物可以降低你將HIV傳給其他人的風險。

Other STDs

其他性病

Some STDs are caused by neither viruses nor bacteria. Instead, they’re caused by other small organisms. Examples include:

有一些性病既不是由病毒所造成也不是由細菌所造成。相反地，它們是由其他的小型生物所造成。這些例子包括：

• pubic lice      陰蝨
• trichomoniasis     滴蟲
• scabies          疥瘡

These STDs are usually treatable with oral or topical medications. Ask your doctor or other healthcare provider for more information about your condition and treatment options.

這些性病通常可以通過口服或外用藥物治療。請向你的醫生或其他醫療服務機構諮詢更多有關病情與治療方案的資訊。

STD prevention

性病的預防

Avoiding sexual contact is the only foolproof way to avoid STDs. But if you do have vaginal, anal, or oral sex, there are ways to make it safer.

避免性接觸是避免性病唯一萬無一失的方法。但若確實有進行陰道性交、肛交或口交，還是有辦法能讓它能更加安全。

When used properly, condoms provide effective protection against many STDs. For optimal protection, it’s important to use condoms during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Dental dams can also provide protection during oral sex.

若能使用得當，保險套能為防範許多性病提供有效的保護。為了能夠獲得最佳的保護，在陰道性交、肛交和口交時使用保險套是非常重要的。口交套也可以在口交時提供保護。

Condoms are generally effective at preventing STDs that spread through fluids, such as semen or blood. But they can’t fully protect against STDs that spread from skin to skin. If your condom doesn’t cover the infected area of skin, you can still contract an STD or pass it to your partner.

保險套通常能夠有效預防通過精液或血液等液體傳播的性病。但它們不能完全防範藉由皮膚接觸而傳染的性病。若保險套無法覆蓋受感染的皮膚區域，你仍然會感染性病或將其傳給你的伴侶。

Condoms can help protect against not only STDs, but also unwanted pregnancy.

保險套不僅能夠幫助防範性病，還能夠防止意外懷孕。

In contrast, many other types of birth control lower the risk of unwanted pregnancy but not STDs. For example, the following forms of birth control don’t protect against STDs:

相比之下，許多其他類型的避孕措施只能降低意外懷孕的風險，但不能降低性病的風險。例如，以下形式的避孕措施不能防範性病：

• birth control pills          口服避孕藥
• birth control shot          注射避孕藥
• birth control implants   植入式避孕棒
• intrauterine devices (IUDs)    子宮內避孕器

Regular STD screening is a good idea for anyone who’s sexually active. It’s particularly important for those with a new partner or multiple partners. Early diagnosis and treatment can help stop the spread of infections.

定期性病篩檢對於性生活活躍的人來說是個好主意。對於有新的伴侶或是多個性伴侶的人來說，這一點尤其重要。早期診斷和治療可以幫助阻止感染的擴散。

Before having sex with a new partner, it’s important to discuss your sexual history. Both of you should also be screened for STDs by a healthcare professional. Since STDs often have no symptoms, testing is the only way to know for sure if you have one.

在與新的伴侶發生性關係之前，討論性病史是很重要的。你們兩個也應該由醫療護理專業人員進行性病篩檢。由於性病通常不會出現任何症狀，因此篩檢是確定是否有性病的唯一方法。

When discussing STD test results, it’s important to ask your partner what they’ve been tested for. Many people assume their doctors have screened them for STDs as part of their regular care, but that’s not always true. You need to ask your doctor for specific STD tests to ensure you take them.

在討論性病篩檢結果時，向你的伴侶詢問他們進行了那些篩檢是非常重要的。許多人會認為醫生已將性病篩檢作為他們常規照護的一部分，但這不一定總是如此。你需要向醫生要求進行具體的性病篩檢，才能確保你有進行這些項目。

If your partner tests positive for an STD, it’s important for them to follow their healthcare provider’s recommended treatment plan. You can also ask your doctor about strategies to protect yourself from contracting the STD from your partner. For example, if your partner has HIV, your doctor will likely encourage you to take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

如果伴侶的性病篩檢呈現陽性反應，那麼遵循醫療服務機構推薦的治療計劃就很重要。你也可以向你的醫生詢問有關如何保護自己免於被伴侶傳染性病的策略。例如，若你的伴侶有HIV，你的醫生可能會鼓勵你服用暴露前預防性投藥。

If you’re eligible, you and your partner should also consider getting vaccinated for HPV and hepatitis B.

若符合資格，你和你的伴侶也應該考慮接種HPV和B型肝炎疫苗。

By following these strategies and others, you can lower your chances of getting STDs and passing them to others. 

藉由遵守這些和其他的策略，你可以降低獲得性病並將其傳給他人的可能。

Don’t see what you need? Read our LGBTQIA safe sex guide.

沒有找到你需要的內容嗎？ 閱讀我們的LGBTQIA安全性行為指南。[1]

Living with STDs

與性病共存

If you test positive for an STD, it’s important to get treatment as soon as possible.

若你的性病篩檢呈現陽性反應，那麼盡快接受治療非常重要。

If you have one STD, it can often increase your chances of contracting another. Some STDs can also lead to severe consequences if left untreated. In rare cases, untreated STDs may even be fatal.

若你感染了一種性病，通常會增加你感染另一種性病的可能。若不及早治療，一些性病也會導致嚴重的後果。在極少數的情況下，未治療的性病甚至會使你喪命。

Fortunately, most STDs are highly treatable. In some cases, they can be cured entirely. In other cases, early and effective treatment can help relieve symptoms, lower your risk of complications, and protect sexual partners.

幸運的是，大多數的性病都是極能治療的。在某些情況下，它們可以完全被治愈。在其他情況下，及早且有效的治療可以幫助緩解症狀、降低併發症的風險，並保護性伴侶。

In addition to taking prescribed medications for STDs, your doctor may advise you to adjust your sexual habits to help protect yourself and others. For example, they’ll likely advise you to avoid sex altogether until your infection has been effectively treated. When you resume sex, they’ll probably encourage you to use condoms, dental dams, or other forms of protection.

除了服用處方藥治療性病，醫生可能會建議你調整性生活習慣，以保護自己和他人。例如，在感染得到有效治療之前，他們可能會建議你完全避免性行為的發生。當你恢復性生活時，他們可能會鼓勵你使用保險套、口交套或其他形式的保護。

Following your doctor’s recommended treatment and prevention plan can help improve your long-term outlook with STDs.

遵循醫生建議的治療與預防計劃，可以幫助改善性病的長期前景。