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The severity of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) may range from “mild” (i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness) to “severe” (i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury).

創傷性腦損傷（TBI）的嚴重程度可分為從「輕度」（即精神狀態或意識的短暫變化）到「重度」（即受傷後長期昏迷不醒或失憶症）。

A TBI can cause a wide range of functional short- or long-term changes affecting:

TBI可能會導致大範圍短期或長期的功能性病變，進而影響：

• Thinking (i.e., memory and reasoning);

思考（即記憶和推理能力）；

• Sensation (i.e., sight and balance);

感覺（即視力和平衡）；

• Language (i.e., communication, expression, and understanding); and

語言（即溝通、表達和理解）；和

• Emotion (i.e., depression, anxiety, personality changes, aggression, acting out, and social inappropriateness).

情緒（即憂鬱、焦慮、性格改變、攻擊行為、發洩和社交上不適宜的情緒）。

A TBI can also cause epilepsy and increase the risk for conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other brain disorders.

TBI還會引起癲癇並提高患有阿茲海默症、帕金森氏症和其他腦部障礙等疾病的風險。

About 75% of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI.

每年所發生的TBI中，大約有75％都是腦震盪或是其他輕度的TBI。

Repeated mild TBIs occurring over an extended period of time can result in cumulative neurological and cognitive deficits. Repeated mild TBIs occurring within a short period of time (i.e., hours, days, or weeks) can be catastrophic or fatal.

長期發生反覆的輕度TBI會導致多重神經性和認知性障礙。而短期內（即數小時、數日或數週）發生反覆的輕度TBI則會導致悲慘或致命的結果。

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

慢性創傷性腦病變

There is growing attention and research on the potential effects and risks for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a degenerative condition linked to repeated head injuries. First identified in the 1920s, CTE can cause difficulties with thinking, physical problems, emotions, and other behaviors. Currently, CTE is only diagnosed after death by studying sections of the brain. In April 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched a major program to better understand CTE, its causes, and how to diagnose it among living persons.

目前有越來越多關於慢性創傷性腦病變（CTE）潛在影響和風險的關注和研究。CTE是一種與反覆頭部損傷有關的退化性疾病。最初在1920年代被確定，CTE會導致思考、身體問題、情緒和其他行為方面的困難。目前，僅能在死後藉由研究大腦切片診斷出CTE。2013年4月，美國國家衛生研究院（NIH）啟動了一項重大計劃來了解更多有關CTE、CTE的成因以及如何在活人身上進行CTE的診斷。