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Nephilim[1]

拿非利人

The Nephilim /ˈnɛfɪˌlɪm/ (Hebrew: נְפִילִים, nefilim) were the offspring of the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men" before the Deluge, according to Genesis 6:1-4.

根據創世記6：1-4，拿非利人（希伯來文：nefilim）在大洪水之前，是「上帝的兒子」和「人類的女兒」的後代 。

A similar or identical biblical Hebrew term, read as "Nephilim" by some scholars, or as the word "fallen" by others, appears in Ezekiel 32:27.

一個類似或相同的希伯來聖經用詞出現在以西結書32:27中，它被一些學者解讀為「拿非利人」，或是被其他學者解讀為「墮落」這個詞。

When people began to multiply on the face of the ground, and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that they were fair; and they took wives for themselves of all that they chose. Then the Lord said, "My spirit shall not abide in mortals forever, for they are flesh; their days shall be one hundred twenty years." The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went in to the daughters of humans, who bore children to them. These were the heroes that were of old, warriors of renown.

— Genesis 6:1–4, New Revised Standard Version

當人類開始在地面上繁衍時，他們所生出來的女兒被上帝的兒子們看到，認為她們很漂亮，所以他們就娶了所有被他們選出來的女子當妻子。上帝就說：「我的靈無法永遠地留在凡人身上，因為他們只是肉體凡胎；他們只能活一百二十年。」當上帝的兒子與人類的女兒們交合後，生下了孩子，在那時，以及在那之後，拿非利人就出現在地球上。這些人都是上古的英雄、著名的戰士。[2]

- 創世記6：1-4，新標準修訂譯本

The word is loosely translated as giants in some Bibles and left untranslated in others. The "sons of God" have been interpreted as fallen angels in some traditional Jewish explanations.

在有些聖經中，這個詞被大概翻為巨人，而在其他的聖經中，則留著原文沒被翻譯。在一些傳統的猶太解釋中，「上帝的兒子」被解釋為墮天使。

According to Numbers 13:33, they later inhabited Canaan at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan.

根據民數記13:33，他們後來是在以色列人征服迦南的時期，居住在迦南。

The Lord said to Moses, "Send men to spy out the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the Israelites" ... So they went up and spied out the land ... And they told him: "... Yet the people who live in the land are strong, and the towns are fortified and very large; and besides, we saw the descendants of Anak there." ... So they brought to the Israelites an unfavorable report of the land that they had spied out, saying, "The land that we have gone through as spies is a land that devours its inhabitants; and all the people that we saw in it are of great size. There we saw the Nephilim (the Anakites come from the Nephilim); and to ourselves we seemed like grasshoppers, and so we seemed to them."

— Numbers 13:1–2; 21; 27–28; 32–33. New Revised Standard Version.

上帝對摩西說：「派人來窺探我給以色列人的迦南之地」......所以他們就上去窺探這片土地......然後他們告訴他：「......可是居住在這片土地上的人太強壯了，城鎮相當堅固又龐大；此外，我們還在那裡看到了亞衲族的後代。」......所以關於他們所監視的土地，他們給以色列人帶來了一份不利的報告，說：「那片我們去窺視的土地是一片吞噬居民的土地；我們在裡面所看到的人都非常的高大。在那裡，我們看到了拿非利人（亞衲族人是從拿非利人來的）；對我們自己來說，我們看起來就像蚱蜢一樣，而他們看我們也是如此。」

- 民數記13：1-2; 21; 27-28; 32-33。新標準修訂譯本

Etymology

詞源學

The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon (1908) gives the meaning of nephilim as "giants", and holds that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious". Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-ph-l (נ־פ־ל) "fall". Robert Baker Girdlestone argued in 1871 the word comes from the Hiphil causative stem, implying that the nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down". Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form: "ones who have fallen", grammatically analogous to paqid "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), asir "one who is bound" (i.e., prisoner), etc.

在Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon（1908年）這本詞典中，對拿非利人所給出的意思是「巨人」，並相信這個詞的推薦詞源為「都是非常危險的」。許多建議的詮釋都是建立在這個詞是希伯來文的動詞字根n-ph-l「跌倒」的衍生詞這個假設之上。Robert Baker Girdlestone在1871年則爭論說這個詞是源於Hiphil這個使役詞幹，指拿非利被認為是「那些導致他人跌落的」。Ronald Hendel說這是一種被動語態：「已經墮落的人」，在語法上類似於paqid也就是「被任命的人」（即監工），asir也就是「受約束的人」（即囚犯）等。

The majority of ancient biblical versions—including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti—interpret the word to mean "giants". Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones" and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones" or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]".

大多數古代的聖經版本，包括七十士譯本、提奧多修、拉丁武加大譯本、撒瑪黎雅譯釋本、翁克羅斯譯釋本和尼奧菲特譯釋本，將這個詞解釋為「巨人」。 辛馬庫將其翻譯為「暴力者」，而亞居拉的翻譯則被解釋成「墮落者」或「墜落(在他們敵人身上)的那些」。

In the Hebrew Bible

在希伯來聖經中

In the Hebrew Bible there are three interconnected passages referencing the nephilim. Two of them come from the Pentateuch and the first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows:

在希伯來聖經中，有三個相互關聯的段落引用了拿非利人。其中兩個來自摩西五經，而第一個出現的是在創世記6：1-4中，正好就寫在諾亞方舟的記載之前。創世記6：4的內容如下：

The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown.

當上帝的兒子與人類的女兒們交合後，生下了孩子，在那時，以及在那之後，拿非利人就出現在地球上。同樣地也是上古偉大的人、著名的人。

Where the Jewish Publication Society translation simply transliterated the Hebrew nephilim as "Nephilim", the King James Version translated the term as "giants".

而猶太出版學社的翻譯版，簡單地將希伯來語中的nephilim音譯為「Nephilim」， 英文中的欽定版聖經則將該詞翻譯為「巨人」。

The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring, as does P.W. Coxon.

由於創世記6：4中講得含糊不清，所以使拿非利人的本質變得複雜，這導致不清楚他們是「上帝的兒子」還是他們是他們那些「上古偉大的人、著名的人」的後代。Richard Hess則採用拿非利人就是其後代這個意思，PW Coxon也是一樣。

The second is Numbers 13:32-33, where ten of the Twelve Spies report that they have seen fearsome giants in Canaan:

第二個是民數記13：32-33，其中十二個間諜裡有十個報告說他們在迦南看到了可怕的巨人：

And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.

我們在那裡看到了拿非利人、亞衲族人的兒子，亞衲族人是拿非利人的孩子；我們看著自己，就像是看到蚱蜢一樣，而由他們來看我們也是如此。

Outside the Pentateuch there is one more passage indirectly referencing nephilim and this is Ezekiel 32:17–32. Of special significance is Ezekiel 32:27, which contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read gibborim nophlim ("fallen warriors" or "fallen Gibborim"), although some scholars read the phrase as gibborim nephilim ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim"). According to Ronald S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads

在摩西五經之外還有一個間接引用拿非利人的段落，就是在以西結書32：17-32。其中特別重要的是以西結32:27中所包含的一個有爭議的詞語。隨著在中世紀時期將傳統母音加到文本之中，這個詞語理解為gibborim nophlim （「墮落的戰士」或「墮落的Gibborim」），雖然有些學者將這個詞語理解為gibborim nephilim （「拿非利的戰士」或「戰士就是拿非利人」）。 根據Ronald S. Hendel的說法，參考創世紀 6：4，這個詞語應該被解釋為「戰士就是拿非利人」。Hendel所理解的這節經文是這樣說的：

They lie with the warriors, the Nephilim of old, who descended to Sheol with their weapons of war. They placed their swords beneath their heads and their shields upon their bones, for the terror of the warriors was upon the land of the living.

他們躺在戰士旁邊，這些戰士是上古的拿非利人，他們帶著打仗的武器墮落到陰間。他們將劍枕在頭下，盾牌放在他們的骨頭上，因為他們曾在生者的土地上讓戰士感到恐懼。

Brian R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (nophlim), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim", but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.

另一方面，Brian R. Doak則建議將該詞理解為希伯來文的動詞，「墮落」（nophlim），而不是用來指稱「拿非利人」的特定術語，儘管如此，根據Doak，在創世記中同樣地能找到一個明確提及拿非利傳統的參考文獻。