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Understanding Type 2 Diabetes(1)

認識第二型糖尿病(一)[1]

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition in which sugar, or glucose, levels build up in your bloodstream. The hormone insulin helps move the sugar from your blood into your cells, which are where the sugar is used for energy.

糖尿病是一種會使糖分或葡萄糖堆積在血液中的慢性疾病。胰島素激素能將血液中的糖分轉移到細胞之內，而細胞則會將糖份轉為能量使用。

In type 2 diabetes, your body’s cells aren’t able to respond to insulin as well as they should. In later stages of the disease, your body may also not produce enough insulin.

患有第二型糖尿病的人，他的細胞會無法正常回應胰島素的作用，甚至在糖尿病晚期時，患者的身體也可能無法產生足夠的胰島素。

Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes can lead to chronically high blood sugar levels, causing several symptoms and potentially leading to serious complications.

未有效控制的第二型糖尿病可能會導致長期高血糖，引起多種症狀並可能衍生出嚴重的併發症。

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病的症狀

In type 2 diabetes your body isn’t able to effectively use insulin to bring glucose into your cells. This causes your body to rely on alternative energy sources in your tissues, muscles, and organs.

患有第二型糖尿病的人，他的身體無法有效地利用胰島素將葡萄糖帶入細胞之中，使身體只能依賴組織、肌肉和器官等來源所供給的替代能量。

This is a chain reaction that can cause a variety of symptoms. Type 2 diabetes can develop slowly. The symptoms may be mild and easy to dismiss at first.

這會引起多種症狀的連鎖反應。第二型糖尿病的病情可能發展地比較慢，有些症狀較為輕微，所以一開始容易被忽略。

The early symptoms may include:

早期症狀可能包括：

constant hunger 不斷的感到飢餓

a lack of energy 缺乏活力

fatigue 感到疲勞

weight loss 體重減輕

excessive thirst      極度口渴

frequent urination 頻尿

dry mouth       口乾

itchy skin        皮膚發癢

blurry vision 視力模糊

As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more severe and potentially dangerous.

隨著病情的發展，症狀會變得更加嚴重，更具有潛在的危險性。

If your blood sugar levels have been high for a long time, the symptoms can include:

如果血糖的水平長時間處於高血糖的狀態，那麼症狀可能包括：

yeast infections 酵母菌感染

slow-healing cuts or sores 傷口或潰瘍的癒合緩慢

dark patches on your skin 皮膚上有黑斑

foot pain 腳痛

feelings of numbness in your extremities, or neuropathy 四肢麻木或神經病變

If you have two or more of these symptoms, you should see your doctor. Without treatment, diabetes can become life-threatening.

若具有上述兩種以上的症狀，就應該去看醫生。若不去治療，更可能會危及生命安全。

Diabetes has a powerful effect on your heart. Women with diabetes are twice as likely to have another heart attack after the first one. They’re at quadruple the risk of heart failure when compared to women without diabetes. Diabetes can also lead to complications during pregnancy.

糖尿病會對心臟產生很大的影響。患有糖尿病的女性在第一次心臟病發作後再次發作的可能性將提高兩倍。相較於沒有患有糖尿病的女性，她們患有心衰竭的可能性更高出4倍。糖尿病也可能導致在懷孕期間引起併發症。

Diet for type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病的飲食

Diet is an important tool to keep your heart healthy and blood sugar levels within a safe and healthy range. It doesn’t have to be complicated or unpleasant. The diet recommended for people with type 2 diabetes is the same diet just about everyone should follow. It boils down to a few key actions:

飲食是使心臟和血糖維持在安全健康範圍內的重要工具。健康的飲食不一定得吃得太複雜或讓人吃得不開心。適合第二型糖尿病患者的飲食其實跟一般人應該遵循的飲食原則相同，可以歸納成以下幾個重點：

Eat meals and snacks on schedule. 遵守飲食計畫。

Choose a variety of foods that are high in nutrition and low in empty calories. 選擇營養豐富且空熱量少的各種食物。

Be careful not to overeat.   小心不要吃得過飽。

Read food labels closely.    仔細閱讀食品標籤。

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病的治療

You can effectively manage type 2 diabetes. Your doctor will tell you how often you should check your blood glucose levels. The goal is to stay within a specific range.

第二型糖尿病是可以有效控管的，醫生都會告訴患者多久該測量一次血糖水平。控管血糖的目的是為了能夠讓血糖保持在一定的範圍之內。

Follow these tips to manage type 2 diabetes:

可以依照下列的指示控管第二型糖尿病：

Include foods rich in fiber and healthy carbohydrates in your diet. Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will help keep your blood glucose levels steady.

在飲食中加入富含纖維和健康碳水化合物的食物。多吃水果、蔬菜和全穀物等食物有助於保持血糖的穩定。

Eat at regular intervals. 規律的用餐時間。

Only eat until you’re full. 不要吃得過飽。

Control your weight and keep your heart healthy. That means keeping refined carbohydrates, sweets, and animal fats to a minimum.

控制體重，保持心臟的健康，也就是將精製碳水化合物、糖果和動物脂肪的攝入量減到最低。

Get about half an hour of aerobic activity daily to help keep your heart healthy. Exercise helps to control blood glucose, too.

每天大約進行半小時的有氧運動，保持心臟健康。運動也有助於控制血糖。

Your doctor will explain how to recognize the early symptoms of blood sugar that’s too high or too low and what to do in each situation. Your doctor will also help you learn which foods are healthy and which foods aren’t.

醫生會告訴患者該如何識別血糖過高或過低的早期症狀，以及在這兩種情況之下該如何應對的方法。醫生也會幫助患者了解哪些食物是健康的，哪些食物不是。

Not everyone with type 2 diabetes needs to use insulin. If you do, it’s because your pancreas isn’t making enough insulin on its own. It’s crucial that you take insulin as directed. There are other prescription medications that may help as well.

並非所有患有第二型糖尿病的人都需要使用胰島素。會需要使用到胰島素是因為病患的胰臟無法自行製造足夠的胰島素，所以遵循醫囑注射胰島素就相當重要。除了胰島素之外，也有其他的處方藥能夠治療糖尿病。

Causes of type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病的成因

Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone. Your pancreas produces it and releases it when you eat. Insulin helps transport sugar from your bloodstream to cells throughout your body, where it’s used for energy.

胰島素是一種能夠自然分泌的激素，它是由胰臟所分泌並在我們進食時釋出。胰島素能將在人體中被當成能量使用的糖分從血液中送入細胞。

If you have type 2 diabetes, your body becomes resistant to insulin. Your body is no longer using the hormone efficiently. This forces your pancreas to work harder to make more insulin. Over time, this can damage cells in your pancreas. Eventually, your pancreas may not be able to produce any insulin.

若患有第二型糖尿病，患者的身體會對胰島素產生抵抗，無法再有效地使用此種激素，這使得胰臟得更加努力地製造更多的胰島素。久而久之，會損害胰臟中的細胞。最終可能導致胰臟無法再產出任何胰島素。

If you don’t produce enough insulin or if your body doesn’t use it efficiently, glucose builds up in your bloodstream. This leaves your body’s cells starved for energy.

如果無法分泌足夠的胰島素，或者身體無法有效地使用胰島素，葡萄糖就會堆積在血液中，使體內的細胞因缺乏能量而「餓死」。

Doctors don’t know exactly what triggers this series of events.

醫生無法確切地了解為什麼會造成這一連串的事件。

It may have to do with cell dysfunction in the pancreas or with cell signaling and regulation. In some people, the liver produces too much glucose. There may be a genetic predisposition to developing type 2 diabetes.

它可能與胰臟中的細胞功能障礙或是細胞訊息傳遞和調節有關。有些患者是因為肝臟釋出的葡萄糖過多。第二型糖尿病的發展可能存有遺傳傾向。

There’s also a genetic predisposition to obesity, which increases the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes. There could also be an environmental trigger.

肥胖也存有遺傳傾向，它會增加胰島素抵抗和糖尿病的風險。此外，也可能存有環境觸發因素。

Most likely, it’s a combination of factors that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Research into the causes of type 2 diabetes is ongoing.

不過，第二型糖尿病的風險會增加最有可能是因為一連串的原因所引起。目前就有研究正在探討第二型糖尿病的成因。