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Medications for type 2 diabetes

治療第二型糖尿病的藥物

In some cases, lifestyle changes are enough to keep type 2 diabetes under control. If not, there are several medications that may help. Some of these medications are:

有些情況下，光是改變生活方式就足以使第二型糖尿病得到控制。如果不行的話，還有幾種藥物或許能夠幫忙控制病情，其中包括：

• metformin, which can lower your blood sugar levels and improve how your body responds to insulin
• 二甲雙胍：可以降低血糖水平，改善身體對胰島素的反應
• sulfonylureas, which help your body make more insulin
• 硫醯基尿素類：能讓身體產生更多的胰島素
• meglitinides or glinides, which are fast-acting, short-duration medications that stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin
• 美格替耐類或美格替耐類類似物：一種能夠快速生效且藥效短的藥物，它可以刺激胰臟釋出更多胰島素
• thiazolidinediones, which make your body more sensitive to insulin
• 噻唑烷二酮類(TZDs)：能使身體對胰島素更加敏感
• dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, which are milder medications that help reduce blood sugar levels
• 二肽基肽酶-4抑製劑(DPP-4 inhibitors)：一種較為溫和且有助於降低血糖水平的藥物
• glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, which slow digestion and improve blood sugar levels
• 類升糖素胜肽-1受體促效劑(GLP-1 agonists)：能夠減緩消化速度並改善血糖水平
• sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, which help prevent the kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and sending it out in your urine
• 鈉-葡萄糖共同轉運蛋白-2抑製劑(SGLT-2 inhibitors)：有助於防止腎臟重新吸收糖分進入血液並將糖分經由尿液排出

Each of these medications can cause side effects. It may take some time to find the best medication or combination of medications to treat your diabetes.

上述的每種藥物都可能引起副作用，所以患者可能需要花些時間才能找到最適合治療自己病症的藥物或藥物組合。

If your blood pressure or cholesterol levels are a problem, you may need medications to address those needs as well.

如果患者的血壓或膽固醇也有問題，可能也會需要其他藥物來解決這些問題。

If your body can’t make enough insulin, you may need insulin therapy. You may only need a long-acting injection you can take at night or you may need to take insulin several times per day.

如果體內無法分泌足夠的胰島素，可能會需要接受胰島素治療。有些患者可能只需要在晚上使用長效型注射劑，或者也可能需要每天多次注射胰島素。

Type 2 diabetes in children

兒童及青少年第二型糖尿病

Type 2 diabetes in children is a growing problem. According to the American Diabetes Association, approximately 208,000 Americans under age 20 have diabetes.

兒童及青少年罹患第二型糖尿病已經成為一個日益嚴重的問題。根據美國糖尿病協會(ADA)的統計，20歲以下患有糖尿病的美國人大約有208,000名。

The reasons for this are complex, but risk factors include:

造就這個現象的原因很複雜，不過其中的危險因子有：

• being overweight, or having a body mass index above the 85th percentile
• 體重超重，或者身體質量指數(BMI)的常態分布高於85%區段
• having a birth weight of 9 pounds or more
• 出生體重9磅(4公斤)以上
• being born to a mother who had diabetes while she was pregnant
• 生母於懷孕期間患有糖尿病
• having a close family member with type 2 diabetes
• 血親患有第二型糖尿病
• having a sedentary lifestyle
• 久坐不動的生活方式
• being American Indian, Alaska Native, African-American, Asian-American, Latino, or Pacific Islander
• 美洲印第安人、阿拉斯加原住民、非裔美國人、亞裔美國人、拉丁裔或太平洋島民

The symptoms of type 2 diabetes in children include:

兒童及青少年第二型糖尿病的症狀包括：

• excessive thirst      極度口渴
• excessive hunger極度飢餓
• increased urination排尿增加
• sores that are slow to heal潰瘍癒合緩慢
• frequent infections經常被感染
• fatigue感到疲勞
• blurry vision視力模糊
• areas of darkened skin身體某些部位變黑(黑棘皮病)

See your child’s doctor immediately if your child has symptoms of diabetes. Untreated diabetes can lead to serious and even life-threatening complications.

如果你的孩子有糖尿病的症狀，請立即帶他去看醫生。不去治療糖尿病的話，可能會引發嚴重甚至危及生命的併發症。

A random blood sugar test may reveal high blood sugar levels. A hemoglobin A1C test can provide more information about average blood sugar levels over a few months. Your child may also need a fasting blood sugar test.

隨機血糖測試可能會出現高血糖的結果；糖化血色素測試則能提供更多有關近幾個月內的平均血糖水平。除此之外，可能還需要進行空腹血糖測試。

If your child’s doctor diagnoses them with diabetes, your doctor will need to determine if it’s type 1 or type 2 before suggesting a specific treatment.

如果孩子被確診患有糖尿病，在進行任何治療之前，醫生需要先確定這是第一型還是第二型糖尿病。

You can help lower your child’s risk by encouraging them to eat well and to be physically active every day.

父母可以鼓勵孩子天天吃得健康，多運動，來減少他們罹患的風險。

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

第二型糖尿病的危險因子

We may not understand the exact causes of type 2 diabetes, but we do know that certain factors can put you at increased risk.

目前還無法確切得知第二型糖尿病的成因，不過已知的是，具備某些因子會使人面臨更高的風險。

Certain factors are out of your control:

有些因子卻不是你能控制的：

• Your risk is greater if you have a brother, sister, or parent who has type 2 diabetes.
• 如果你的父母或兄弟姊妹患有第二型糖尿病，你的風險會比其他人還要大。
• You can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, but your risk increases as you get older. Your risk is particularly high after age 45.
• 無論任何年齡，都有可能罹患第二型糖尿病，但是隨著年齡的增長，風險也會跟著增加。45歲以後的風險特別高。
• African-Americans, Latinos, Asian-Americans, and American Indians are at higher risk than Caucasians.
• 非裔美國人、拉丁裔、亞裔美國人和美洲印第安人的風險高於白人。
• Women who have a condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome are at increased risk.
• 患有多囊性卵巢症候群的女性，患有第二型糖尿病的風險會增加。

You may be able to change these factors:

你可能可以改變的因子有：

• Being overweight means that you have more fatty tissue, which makes your cells more resistant to insulin. Extra fat in the abdomen increases your risk more than extra fat in the hips and thighs.
• 體重超重表示脂肪組織比一般人還要多，使細胞對胰島素的抵抗增加。腹部多餘的脂肪比臀部和大腿多餘的脂肪所增加的風險更高。
• Your risk increases if you have a sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise uses up glucose and helps your cells respond better to insulin.
• 久坐不動的生活方式會使風險增加。規律運動能消耗葡萄糖，並幫助細胞對胰島素產生更好的反應。
• Eating a lot of junk foods or eating too much wreaks havoc on your blood glucose levels.
• 吃太多垃圾食品或吃得過飽會嚴重破壞血糖水平。

You’re also at increased risk if you’ve had gestational diabetes or if you have prediabetes, two conditions caused by elevated glucose levels.

罹患妊娠糖尿病或早期型糖尿病的話，風險也會增加。這兩個疾病都是由高血糖所引起的。

Tips for how to prevent type 2 diabetes

預防第二型糖尿病的方法

You can’t always prevent type 2 diabetes. There’s nothing you can do about your genetics, ethnicity, or age.

要完全預防第二型糖尿病的發生是不可能的，因為我們無法改變遺傳、種族或年齡等因素。

If you have prediabetes or other diabetes risk factors and even if you don’t, a few lifestyle tweaks can help delay or even prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. These changes in diet, exercise, and weight management work together to help keep your blood sugar levels within the ideal range all day long:

如果患有早期型糖尿病或是具備其他誘發糖尿病的危險因子，或是即使沒有上述的情形，仍然可以藉由調整生活方式來延緩甚至預防第二型糖尿病的發病。在同時運用改變飲食、運動和體重控管的方式之下，能夠使血糖整天保持在理想的範圍之內：

Diet飲食

Your diet should be high in nutrient-rich carbohydrates and fiber. You also need heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids from certain kinds of fish and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Dairy products should be low in fat. It’s not only what you eat, but also how much you eat that matters. You should be careful about portion sizes and try to eat meals at about the same time every day.

飲食上應該多吃富含營養的碳水化合物和纖維，也要攝取魚類中對心臟有益的omega -3脂肪酸以及單元不飽和脂肪和多元不飽和脂肪。乳製品的話，應該選擇低脂肪的產品。飲食的問題不僅僅是關於吃了些什麼，更是吃了多少有營養的東西，還得注意份量的大小，並且盡量每天在同一個時間點吃飯。

Exercise運動

Type 2 diabetes is associated with inactivity. Getting 30 minutes of aerobic exercise every day can improve your overall health. Try to add in extra movement throughout the day, too.

第二型糖尿病與運不運動有關。每天進行30分鐘的有氧運動可以改善整體的健康狀況，也可以試著在日常生活中加入一些額外的運動。

Weight management體重控管

You’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you’re overweight. Eating a healthy, balanced diet and getting daily exercise should help you keep your weight under control. If those changes aren’t working, your doctor can make some recommendations for losing weight safely.

如果體重超重就更有可能罹患第二型糖尿病。健康均衡的飲食和每日運動就已經足以控制體重了，但是如果這些改變都沒用的話，醫生也可以提供一些安全的減肥方法。