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Receiving a type 2 diabetes diagnosis

接受診斷

Whether or not you have prediabetes, you should see your doctor right away if you have the symptoms of diabetes. Your doctor can get a lot of information from blood work. Diagnostic testing may include the following:

無論是否患有早期型糖尿病，如果出現糖尿病的症狀，應該盡快就醫。醫生可以從血液測試中取得大量的資訊。診斷測試可能包括：

A hemoglobin A1C test is also called a glycosylated hemoglobin test. It measures average blood glucose levels for the previous two or three months. You don’t need to fast for this test, and your doctor can diagnose you based on the results.

糖化血色素測試可以測出近兩三個月內的平均血糖水平。檢測前可以不用禁食，醫生會根據結果來診斷。

You need to fast for eight hours before having a fasting plasma glucose test. This test measures how much glucose is in your plasma.

在進行空腹血糖測試之前，需要先禁食8小時。這項測試是測量血漿中的葡萄糖含量。

During an oral glucose tolerance test, your blood is drawn before and two hours after you drink a dose of glucose. The test results show how well your body deals with glucose before and after the drink.

在進行口服葡萄糖耐量試驗時，要先抽一次血，接著服用一劑葡萄糖，兩小時之後，再抽一次血。測試的結果能反映出在服用前後，身體處理葡萄糖的能力。

If you have diabetes, your doctor will provide you with information about how to manage the disease, including:

若確診糖尿病的話，醫生會提供患者有關如何控管糖尿病的資訊，包括：

how to monitor blood glucose levels on your own

如何自己監測血糖水平

dietary recommendations

飲食的建議

physical activity recommendations

體能活動的建議

information about any medications that you need

所需的藥物資訊

You may need to see an endocrinologist who specializes in the treatment of diabetes. You’ll probably need to visit your doctor more often at first to make sure your treatment plan is working.

患者還可能需要去找專門治療糖尿病的內分泌科醫生。剛開始的時候可能會需要經常回診，確定治療方案有沒有效。

Complications associated with type 2 diabetes

與第二型糖尿病相關的併發症

For many people, type 2 diabetes can be effectively managed. It can affect virtually all your organs and lead to serious complications, including:

對許多人而言，第二型糖尿病是一種能夠有效控管的疾病，但它卻幾乎能影響到所有身體器官，引發嚴重的併發症，包括：

skin problems, such as bacterial or fungal infections

皮膚問題，如細菌或真菌感染

nerve damage, or neuropathy, which can cause a loss of sensation or numbness and tingling in your extremities as well as digestive issues, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation

神經損傷或神經病變，可能導致四肢無知覺或麻木和刺痛，以及消化問題，如嘔吐、腹瀉和便秘

poor circulation to the feet, which makes it hard for your feet to heal when you have a cut or an infection and can also lead to gangrene and loss of the foot or leg

足部的血液循環不良，使腳上有切傷或感染時難以癒合，也會導致壞疽，甚至導致足部或腿部的截肢

hearing impairment

聽覺受損

retinal damage, or retinopathy, and eye damage, which can cause deteriorating vision, glaucoma, and cataracts

視網膜損傷、視網膜病變和眼睛損傷會導致視力惡化、青光眼和白內障

cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure, narrowing of the arteries, angina, heart attack, and stroke

心血管疾病，如高血壓、動脈狹窄、心絞痛、心臟病發作和中風

kidney damage and kidney failure

腎臟功能損害和腎衰竭

Hypoglycemia

低血糖

Hypoglycemia can occur when your blood sugar is low. The symptoms can include shakiness, dizziness, and difficulty speaking. You can usually remedy this by having a “quick-fix” food or drink, such as fruit juice, a soft drink, or a hard candy.

當血糖較低時，會產生「低血糖」的反應，症狀可能包括身體顫抖、頭暈和說話困難。通常在食用或飲用能夠「快速恢復」的食品或飲品，像是果汁、不含酒精的飲料或硬糖後，就能恢復正常。

Hyperglycemia

高血糖

Hyperglycemia can happen when blood sugar is high. It’s typically characterized by frequent urination and increased thirst. Exercising can help lower your blood sugar level.

當血糖較高時，會產生「高血糖」的反應，典型的特徵有頻尿和口渴。運動能把血糖降下來。

Complications during and after pregnancy

懷孕期間和懷孕後的併發症

If you have diabetes while you’re pregnant, you’ll need to monitor your condition carefully. Diabetes that’s poorly controlled can:

如果在懷孕期間罹患糖尿病，孕婦需要仔細監測糖尿病的病情。若病情控制不良的話會造成：

complicate labor and delivery

分娩與生產的難度增加

harm your baby’s developing organs

傷害寶寶的發育器官

cause your baby to gain too much weight

導致寶寶體重過重

increase your baby’s risk of developing diabetes during their lifetime

提高寶寶一生中罹患糖尿病的風險

Statistics about type 2 diabetes

相關的統計數據

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports the following statistics about diabetes in the United States:

美國疾病控制及預防中心公布了以下有關美國糖尿病的統計數據：

Over 29 million people have diabetes. That’s 9.3 percent of the population.

有超過2900萬的人患有糖尿病，占總人口的9.3％。

One in four people have no idea they have diabetes.

有四分之一的人不知道自己患有糖尿病。

More than one in three adults have prediabetes, and 15 to 30 percent of them will develop type 2 diabetes within five years.

超過三分之一的成年人患有早期型糖尿病，其中15-30％的人將在五年內罹患第二型糖尿病。

Non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and American Indian, including Alaska Native, adults are about twice as likely to have diabetes as non-Hispanic white adults.

非西班牙裔黑人、西班牙裔美國人和美洲印第安人(包括阿拉斯加原住民)患有糖尿病的可能性是非西班牙裔成年白人的兩倍。

The American Diabetes Association reports the following statistics:

美國糖尿病協會公布了以下的統計數據：

In 2012, diabetes cost the United States $245 billion in direct medical costs and reduced productivity.

2012年，糖尿病耗費了美國直接醫療費用2450億美元，使生產力降低。

The average medical expenses for people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher than they would be in the absence of diabetes.

糖尿病患者的平均醫療費用比沒有糖尿病時高出約2.3倍。

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, either as the underlying cause of death or as a contributing cause of death.

糖尿病是美國的第七大死因，無論是直接或間接死因。

The World Health Organization reports the following statistics:

世界衛生組織公布了以下的統計數據：

The 2014 global prevalence of diabetes was about 9 percent for adults.

2014年全球糖尿病的成人患病率約為9％。

About 90 percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

大約90％的糖尿病患者都有第二型糖尿病。

Diabetes caused about 1.5 million deaths worldwide in 2012.

2012年糖尿病導致全球約150萬人死亡。

About half of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke.

大約一半的糖尿病患者死於心血管疾病，包括心臟病和中風。

Diabetes is also a leading cause of kidney failure.

糖尿病也是造成腎衰竭的主因。

Managing type 2 diabetes

控管第二型糖尿病

Managing type 2 diabetes requires teamwork. You’ll need to work closely with your doctor, but a lot of the results depend on your actions.

控管第二型糖尿病不是一個人就可以辦得到的，需要與醫生密切配合，不過，許多結果其實都取決於患者自身的行為。

Your doctor may want to perform periodic blood tests to determine your blood sugar levels. This will help determine how well you’re managing the disease. If you take medication, these tests will help gauge how well it’s working.

醫生可能會希望進行定期的血液測試，檢測血糖的水平，幫助確定疾病管控的程度。若有服用藥物，這些測試還能幫忙衡量藥物的使用效果。

Because diabetes increases your risk of cardiovascular disease, your doctor will also monitor your blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels. If you have symptoms of heart disease, you may need additional tests. These tests may include an electrocardiogram or a heart stress test.

糖尿病會提高心血管疾病的風險，所以醫生也會一同監測患者的血壓和血膽固醇(血脂)。若有出現心臟病的症狀，可能還需要進行其他額外的測試。這些測試可能包括心電圖或心臟壓力測試。

Follow these tips to help manage your diabetes:

可以遵循下列幾個方法來控制糖尿病的病情：

Maintain a diet high in nutrient-rich carbohydrates and fiber but low in unhealthy fats and simple carbohydrates.

飲食上多吃營養豐富的碳水化合物和纖維，減少攝入不健康的脂肪和單一的碳水化合物。

Exercise daily.

每天運動。

Take all your medication as recommended.

遵循醫囑服藥。

Use a home monitoring system to test your own blood sugar levels between visits to your doctor. Your doctor will tell you how often you should do that and what your target range should be.

在去看醫生的前後，使用家用血糖儀檢測血糖。醫生會告訴你應該多久進行一次檢測以及目標範圍應該是多少。

It may also be helpful to bring your family into the loop. Educate them about the warning signs of blood sugar levels that are too high or too low so that they can help in an emergency. If everyone in your home follows a healthy diet and participates in physical activity, you’ll all benefit.

讓家屬參與治療過程或許也能有所幫助。讓他們了解有關血糖過高或過低的警訊，在有緊急狀況的時候，他們就能提供幫忙。如果大家都能養成健康的飲食習慣，多參加運動，就能造福家中的所有人。