你該知道的性傳播疾病（STD）(一)－bubble50 DH Freelance 中翻英英翻中

Everything You Need to Know About Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

你該知道的性傳播疾病（STD）

Source(資料來源): https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases

Facts about STDs

關於性病的真相

The term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer to a condition passed from one person to another through sexual contact. You can contract an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the STD.

性傳播疾病（STD）這個詞是用於指通過性接觸從一個人傳到另一個人身上的病症。通過與患有性病的人進行無保護措施的陰道性交、肛交或口交，會使你也感染性病。

An STD may also be called a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or venereal disease (VD).

性傳播疾病也可稱為性傳播感染（STI）或性病（VD）。

That doesn’t mean sex is the only way STDs are transmitted. Depending on the specific STD, infections may also be transmitted through sharing needles and breastfeeding.

但這不代表性是性病傳播的唯一方式。視特定的性病而定，感染也可能通過共用針頭和母乳喂養傳播。

Symptoms of STDs in men

男性患有性病的症狀

It’s possible to contract an STD without developing symptoms. But some STDs cause obvious symptoms. In men, common symptoms include:

在沒有出現症狀的情況之下，也可能感染性病。但某些性病則會產生明顯的症狀。在男性中，常見症狀包括：

pain or discomfort during sex or urination

在性交或排尿時感到疼痛或不適

sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the penis, testicles, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth

在陰莖、睾丸、肛門、臀部、大腿或嘴部等部位上或周圍出現潰瘍、腫塊或皮疹

unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis

陰莖有異常的分泌物或出血

painful or swollen testicles

睾丸感到疼痛或腫脹

Specific symptoms can vary, depending on the STD.

具體的症狀可能因不同性病而異。

Symptoms of STDs in women

女性患有性病的症狀

In many cases, STDs don’t cause noticeable symptoms. When they do, common STD symptoms in women include:

在許多情況之下，性病不會產生明顯的症狀。但是當有明顯症狀時，女性患有性病常見的症狀包括：

pain or discomfort during sex or urination

在性交或排尿時感到疼痛或不適

sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the vagina, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth

在陰道、肛門、臀部、大腿或嘴部等部位上或周圍出現潰瘍、腫塊或皮疹

unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina

陰道有異常的分泌物或出血

itchiness in or around the vagina

陰道內部或周圍感到搔癢

The specific symptoms can vary from one STD to another.

特定的症狀可能因不同性病的類型而所有不同。

Types of STDs

性病的類型

Many different types of infections can be transmitted sexually. The most common STDs are described below.

許多不同類型的感染都可以藉由性來傳播。最常見的性病如下所述。

Chlamydia

披衣菌

A certain type of bacteria causes chlamydia. It’s the most commonly reported STD among Americans, notes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

有某種細菌會產生披衣菌感染。根據美國疾病管制與預防中心（CDC）的記載，這是美國人中最常出現的性病類型。

Many people with chlamydia have no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do develop, they often include:

許多披衣菌感染者不會出現明顯的症狀。但當症狀確實演變時，通常包括：

pain or discomfort during sex or urination

在性交或排尿時感到疼痛或不適

green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina

陰莖或陰道出現綠色或黃色的分泌物

pain in the lower abdomen

下腹部疼痛

If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to:

若不及早治療，披衣菌會導致：

infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles

尿道、前列腺或睪丸的感染

pelvic inflammatory disease

骨盆腔炎症

infertility

不孕症

If a pregnant woman has untreated chlamydia, she can pass it to her baby during birth. The baby may develop:

若孕婦患有披衣菌感染，而未治療，也可能會在生產時將其傳染給嬰兒，並可能演變成：

pneumonia 肺炎
eye infections 眼部感染
blindness 失明

Antibiotics can easily treat chlamydia.

披衣菌能輕易地被抗生素給治療好。

HPV (human papillomavirus)

HPV（人類乳突病毒）

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can be passed from one person to another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. There are many different strains of the virus. Some are more dangerous than others.

人類乳突病毒（HPV）是一種可以通過親密的皮膚接觸或性接觸從一個人傳到另一個人身上的病毒。HPV有許多不同的病毒株，而有些病毒株則較為危險。

The most common symptom of HPV is warts on the genitals, mouth, or throat.

HPV最常見的症狀是生殖器、口腔或喉嚨上產生疣。

Some strains of HPV infection can lead to cancer, including:

一些HPV菌株的感染會導致癌症，包括：

oral cancer 口腔癌
cervical cancer 子宮頸癌
vulvar cancer 外陰癌
penile cancer 陰莖癌
rectal cancer 直腸癌

While most cases of HPV don’t become cancerous, some strains of the virus are more likely to cause cancer than others. According to the National Cancer Institute, most cases of HPV-related cancer in the United States are caused by HPV 16 and HPV 18. These two strains of HPV account for 70 percent of all cervical cancer cases.

雖然大多數的HPV病例沒有產生癌變，但某些病毒株卻比其他的還要容易引發癌症。根據美國國家癌症研究院，美國大多數HPV相關的癌症病例都是由HPV 16和HPV 18所引起。這兩種HPV菌株佔了子宮頸癌70%的病例。

There’s no treatment for HPV. However, HPV infections often clear up on their own. There’s also a vaccine available to protect against some of the most dangerous strains, including HPV 16 and HPV 18.

沒有任何方法可以治療HPV。但是，HPV感染通常會自行消除。而且有一種疫苗可以用來預防一些最危險的菌株，包括HPV 16和HPV 18。

If you contract HPV, proper testing and screenings can help your doctor assess and manage your risk of complications.

如果感染HPV，適當的檢測和篩檢可以幫助你的醫生評估和控管併發症產生的風險。

Syphilis

梅毒

Syphilis is another bacterial infection. It often goes unnoticed in its early stages.

梅毒是另一種細菌感染的性病。一般常在早期階段被忽視。

The first symptom to appear is a small round sore, known as a chancre. It can develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s painless but very infectious.

第一個出現的症狀是一種被稱為下疳的小圓瘡。它會出現在你的生殖器、肛門或嘴巴上。雖然不會感到疼痛，但它卻非常具有傳染性。

Later symptoms of syphilis can include:

梅毒的後期症狀包括：

rash 皮疹
fatigue 疲勞
fever 發燒
headaches 頭痛
joint pain 關節疼痛
weight loss 體重減輕
hair loss 掉髮

If left untreated, late-stage syphilis can lead to:

若不及早治療，晚期梅毒會導致：

loss of vision 失明
loss of hearing 失聰
loss of memory 失憶
mental illness 精神疾病
infections of the brain or spinal cord 大腦或脊髓的感染
heart disease 心臟病
death 死亡

Fortunately, if caught early enough, syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics. However, syphilis infection in a newborn can be fatal. That’s why it’s important for all pregnant women to be screened for syphilis.

幸運的是，若能及早發現，很容易就能靠抗生素治療梅毒。但是，新生兒感染梅毒卻可能導致喪命。這就是為什麼接受梅毒篩檢對所有的孕婦而言都很重要。

The earlier syphilis is diagnosed and treated, the less damage it does. Find the information you need to recognize syphilis and stop it in its tracks.

越早診斷和治療梅毒，它所造成的傷害就會越小。參考有關分辨梅毒的資訊與將其從不同跡象中終結的方法。

HIV

人類免疫缺乏病毒

HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses or bacteria and certain cancers. If left untreated, it can lead to stage 3 HIV, known as AIDS. But with today’s treatment, many people living with HIV don’t ever develop AIDS.

人類免疫缺乏病毒(HIV，愛滋病毒)會破壞免疫系統，增加感染其他病毒或細菌和某些癌症的風險。若不及早治療，可能導致第3期HIV，即所謂的愛滋病。但是，通過現今的治療，許多HIV染者不會再演變成愛滋病。

In the early or acute stages, it’s easy to mistake the symptoms of HIV with those of the flu. For example, the early symptoms can include:

在早期或急性期時，很容易將HIV的症狀誤認為是流感。例如，早期症狀可能包括：

fever 發燒
chills 寒顫
aches and pains 疼痛
swollen lymph nodes 淋巴結腫大
sore throat 咽喉炎
headache 頭痛
nausea 噁心
rashes 皮疹

These initial symptoms typically clear within a month or so. From that point onward, a person can carry HIV without developing serious or persistent symptoms for many years. Other people may develop nonspecific symptoms, such as:

這些初始症狀通常一個月左右就會消失。從那個時候開始，患者會帶有HIV，卻長達多年不會出現嚴重或持續的症狀。其他人可能會出現非特異性症狀，例如：

recurrent fatigue 反覆感到疲勞
fevers 發燒
headaches 頭痛
stomach issues 腸胃問題

There’s no cure for HIV yet, but treatment options are available to manage it. Early and effective treatment can help people with HIV live as long as those without HIV.

目前仍沒有辦法治療HIV，但是可以使用治療方案來控管它。及早且有效的治療可以幫助HIV感染者活得和常人一樣久。

Proper treatment can also lower your chances of transmitting HIV to a sexual partner. In fact, treatment can potentially lower the amount of HIV in your body to undetectable levels. At undetectable levels, HIV can’t be transmitted to other people, reports the CDC.

適當的治療也可以降低你將HIV傳染給性伴侶的可能。事實上，治療有可能會使體內的HIV病毒量降至檢測不到的水平。據CDC的報導，當處於檢測不到的水平時，HIV就無法傳播給其他人。

Without routine testing, many people with HIV don’t realize they have it. To promote early diagnosis and treatment, the CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested at least once. People at high risk of HIV should be tested at least once a year, even if they don’t have symptoms.

若沒有經過常規檢測，許多HIV感染者並不會意識到自己患有這種疾病。為了促進早期診斷和治療，CDC建議介於13歲到64歲之間的人至少進行一次檢測。而HIV高危人群即使沒有出現症狀，每年也應該至少進行一次檢測。